Corruption may be defined as a behaviour where a public official deviates from his duties, and works for private gains. Certainly, it is illegal and dishonest behaviour on the part of  those who are at the helm of affairs. The problem of corruption is as old as human society itself though with the passage of time, the nature and modus …

Enhancing the Performance of Public Servants The term motivation is derived from the Latin word ‘movere’ meaning ‘to move’. This is the most typical term and is considered an internal part of an organism that impels or drives it to action. It can be said that motivation is energizer of behaviour but researchers differ on the variations of this term; …

Public choice theory is basically the economic theory of political science that was developed by Gordon Tullock and James Buchanan Jr. The term, though coined in the 50’s, received widespread public attention when Mr Buchanan was awarded the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel in 1986. This theory, for the first time, attracted the attention …

Researchers like Kanter, Beattie and Abella discovered the unequal distribution of power in the organization and general trend of restricting women at lower level in an organization. In the field of public organization, issue of gender is very much important since it is in play at every level.  Sex is basically a biological category whereas gender is purely a socio-cultural …

The last half of the twentieth century has been marked with the emergence of four key themes as a result of efforts and collective aspirations of the world community. These are: peace, freedom, development and environment. The peace could not be achieved though as envisaged by the world community. However, it had largely been prevailed while the world powers remained …

Human rights mean the basic rights of every human being to be treated fairly and without any discrimination. These are natural rights per se. The UN Charter also endorses the right to freedom of speech, worship and peaceful assembly. A greater emphasis on human rights and their acceptance has been witnessed in the recent decades. However, there is a considerable …

Among many basic human rights the right to information is of pivotal importance. It has been incorporated in the constitution of democratic countries as well as in international human rights documents. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights are the examples of primacy accorded to …

The traditional budgeting is based on incremental decision making; it begins with estimation of current costs hence it is an accounting-oriented approach while no review of ongoing activities is undertaken for allocating funds. In zero-based budgeting, the organization should not take for granted the expenditures incurred in previous years rather they should start afresh insofar as expenditure in coming years …

The word budget has been derived from the French word ‘Bougett’ which means a pouch or a wallet. It was coined by England’s Chancellor of Exchequer, Mr William Ewart Gladstone, in 1860. The budget is taken in different ways in different countries; when we speak of the ‘budget’ of a department, it means expenditure estimates only. While in England the …

In the Subcontinent, the modern administrative setup, which included hierarchy of central, provincial and local services, was created by the British Raj. And, it ultimately gave birth to the unified form of executive. The creation of judicial system comprising lower courts, district courts, high courts and federal court was also envisaged to strengthen the system and to perform administrative responsibilities …