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The sacrifices offered by Pakistanis before and after independence are almost unprecedented in human history. Although a state requires sacrifices during the times of crisis, natural calamities or war, the case of Pakistan is entirely different from any other as the Pakistanis, invariably and relentlessly, have been made to sacrifice. Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was triumphant in creating a new …

“States are interested only in a balance which is in their favor. Not an equilibrium, but a generous margin is their objective. There is no real security in being just as strong as a potential enemy; there is security only in being a little stronger.” — Nicholas John Spykman Introduction Balance of power, in international relations, is the post-ure and …

“It is rightly said that the Commonwealth is an association underscored by values. But meaningful progress demands that those values be put into practice, mobilizing the vast network of civil society groups who work to strengthen health, laws and governance across all our countries.” — Speech by Her Majesty The Queen at the CHOGM Opening Ceremony On 27 November 2015, …

Notwithstanding the degree, encountering confrontations and waging wars with varying actors involved within and without the territorial borders of states remained the most unfortunate fact in the history of international relations. While the patterns of confrontation in the Cold War era, especially during the heightened period of insecurities, were divided by the dictates and rivalry of the two power blocs; …

It was the dark period in European history when church was supreme in power triangle that comprised church, feudal lords and the king. The church introduced the confession ritual and those who were found guilty were excommunicated and were barred from entering the church thereupon. The inquisition saw tens of thousands of immolations on the basis of a mere suspicion …

Note: As the revised syllabus for CSS English Essay says that “Candidates will be required to write one or more Essay in English,” it is better to prepare short essays as well because being on the safer side is always advisable. Those who do not aspire to be successful would either be lunatic or the dead. Success might have different …

A Major Cause of Sham Democracy, Poor Governance and Rampant Corruption Democracy is the most appreciated form of government in the whole world; even the totalitarian regimes and military dictatorships resort to it in order to garner popular support. According to most definitions, ‘Democracy’ is “a system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a …

Climate change is one of the defining issues of our time. It is now more certain than ever, based on many lines of evidence, that humans are changing Earth’s climate. The atmosphere and oceans have warmed, accompanied by sea-level rise, a strong decline in Arctic sea ice, and other climate-related changes. These changes will have an enormous impact on our …

On 30th November 2015, the Executive Board of the IMF announced that it had completed the regular five-yearly review of the basket of currencies making up the Special Drawing Rights (SDR) and had admitted China’s yuan or renminbi (RMB) to the elite club of currencies. As such, RMB was determined to be a freely usable currency, along with the US …

Following are some most frequently questions asked by the panellists during the CSS-2016 Interviews.  International Affairs Russian President Putin has stated that climate change is a fraud. Do you agree? Why? Describe the roles and functions of UN Security Council and General Assembly? What are Sustainable Development Goals and how they are different from the Millennium Development Goals? What decisions …