{"id":13776,"date":"2017-09-11T13:13:25","date_gmt":"2017-09-11T08:13:25","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/jwt2015\/?p=13776"},"modified":"2019-11-18T16:50:30","modified_gmt":"2019-11-18T11:50:30","slug":"some-important-geography-terms","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/css-exclusive\/css-special\/some-important-geography-terms\/","title":{"rendered":"Some Important Geography Terms"},"content":{"rendered":"

\"<\/a><\/p>\n

Acid rain<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 rainwater containing sulphuric acid, nitric acid and compounds of ammonia. These pollutants have been pumped into the atmosphere by manufacturing industry and vehicle emissions.<\/p>\n

Aftershocks<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 smaller earthquakes that occur in the same general area during the days to years following a larger event.<\/p>\n

Amenity value<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 used for recreational and leisure activities.<\/p>\n

Asylum<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 to claim safety in another country.<\/p>\n

Back offices<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 offices of a company handling high-volume communications by telephone, electronic transaction or letter. The location of such low-to-medium level functions can be relatively flexible and they have been increasingly decentralized to locations where space, labour and other costs are relatively low.<\/p>\n

Backwash<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the movement of water down a beach by the action of gravity.<\/p>\n

Balance of trade<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the difference between the cost of imports and the cost of exports.<\/p>\n

Beach replenishment<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 building up the beach by pumping sand or shingle onto it.<\/p>\n

Bedload<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 larger particles moved along a river bed.<\/p>\n

Biofuels<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 any fuel derived from renewable biological sources such as plants or animal waste.<\/p>\n

Biomass<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 biological material used to generate energy, for example plants grown for biofuel.<\/p>\n

Birth rate<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the number of children born in a year for every 1000 people in a population.<\/p>\n

Blind fault<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 one where the fault line does not reach the surface.<\/p>\n

Brownfield land<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 land on which there have already been buildings.<\/p>\n

Canalisation<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 making a river more like an artificially built canal.<\/p>\n

Carbon footprint<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the effect human activities have on the climate in terms of the total amount of greenhouse gas production.<\/p>\n

Carbon neutral<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 not adding to the net amount of CO2 in the atmosphere.<\/p>\n

Catchment Flood Management Plans (CFMPs)<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 plans setting out strategies to reduce flood risks in a river basin over 50\u2013100 years.<\/p>\n

Communicable disease<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 an infectious or contagious disease that can be spread from one person to another.<\/p>\n

Community energy<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 energy produced close to the point of consumption.<\/p>\n

Commuter range<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the distance people will travel from their homes to places of work.<\/p>\n

Conservation areas<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 parts of a town with historic buildings that are protected.<\/p>\n

Consolidated rock<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 rock with strong structure that is hard to break down.<\/p>\n

Constructive waves<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 waves that build up beach material to create landforms.<\/p>\n

Conurbation<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 a large urban area formed when cities and towns merge as they grow towards each other.<\/p>\n

Counterurbanisation<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 movement of people away from a city or town.<\/p>\n

Cumulative causation<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the process whereby a significant increase in economic growth can lead to even more growth as more money circulates in the economy.<\/p>\n

Cyclone<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 a system of winds rotating inwards to an area of low pressure.<\/p>\n

Death rate<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the number of people who die in a year for every 1000 people in a population.<\/p>\n

Deindustrialisation<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the long-term absolute decline of employment in manufacturing.<\/p>\n

Delta<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 where a river breaks into many distributaries before it reaches the sea.<\/p>\n

Demographic transition<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 model showing how the population in a country changes over time as birth and death rates fall.<\/p>\n

Demography<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the study of population.<\/p>\n

Dependency ratio<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the ratio between the economically active population and those who are dependent on them.<\/p>\n

Dependent<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 when an area is reliant on one company or type of company for the majority of its employment.<\/p>\n

Desertification<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the degradation of land in arid and semi-arid areas resulting primarily from human activities and influenced by climatic variations.<\/p>\n

Destructive waves<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 waves that erode coastlines.<\/p>\n

Development<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the use of resources and the application of available technology to improve the standard of living within a country.<\/p>\n

Discharge<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the volume of water in a river passing a point in a given time, measured in cumecs (cubic metres per second).<\/p>\n

Disposable income<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the amount of income a person has left after paying for all necessities.<\/p>\n

Dredging<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 taking sediment from river or sea bed.<\/p>\n

Eco-homes<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 houses designed in ways that conserve resources and energy.<\/p>\n

Economic core region<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the most highly developed region in a country with advanced systems of infrastructure and high levels of investment, resulting in high average income.<\/p>\n

Economic migrants<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 people who move to another country to get a better job and improve their standard of living.<\/p>\n

Ecotourism<\/span> <\/strong>\u2013 environmentally responsible travel to natural areas in a way that has a low impact on the natural environment and benefits the local economy.<\/p>\n

Eco-towns<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 towns designed to be sustainable and that do not cause environmental problems.<\/p>\n

El Ni\u00f1o<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 large climatic disturbances in the southern Pacific Ocean that occur every 3\u20137 years.<\/p>\n

Emigrant<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 a person who leaves a country to go to live in another country for longer than a year.<\/p>\n

Energy gap<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the gap between demand for energy and the energy that can actually be supplied.<\/p>\n

Environmental impact assessment<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 a document required by law in many countries, detailing all the impacts on the environment of a project above a certain size.<\/p>\n

Epicentre<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the point on the Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.<\/p>\n

Erosion<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the wearing away and removal of rocks by the action of water, wind or ice.<\/p>\n

Estuary<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 tidal part of a river mouth.<\/p>\n

Evaporation<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 water turning into water vapour.<\/p>\n

Evapotranspiration<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the sum of evaporation from the Earth’s surface together with the transpiration from plants.<\/p>\n

Exponential growth<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 a rate of increase that quickly doubles.<\/p>\n

Extensive farming<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 when one type of farming and large farms dominate a very large area. Inputs per hectare are low compared with intensive farming, such as market gardening.<\/p>\n

Fault<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 a fracture in the Earth’s crust that shows signs of movement.<\/p>\n

Fertility rate<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the average number of children to which each woman gives birth.<\/p>\n

Flood plain<\/span> \u2013 flat area next to a river that is liable to flood.<\/p>\n

Food miles<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the distance that food has been transported before it is sold.<\/p>\n

Foreign direct investment<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 overseas investments in physical capital by MNCs.<\/p>\n

Free trade<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 trade between countries when the prices paid are determined by what the producer wants to be paid and what the consumer is prepared to pay and there are no barriers.<\/p>\n

Freeze\u2013thaw<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the continued freezing and thawing of moisture in rocks that will eventually cause them to break.<\/p>\n

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 total value of goods and services produced by a country in a year.<\/p>\n

GDP at purchasing power parity (PPP$)<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the GDP of a country converted into US dollars on the basis of the purchasing power parity of the country’s currency. It is assessed by calculating the number of units of a currency required to purchase the same representative basket of goods and services that a US dollar would buy in the USA.<\/p>\n

Geology<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the nature and structure of rocks.<\/p>\n

Geothermal<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 energy generated by heat stored deep in the Earth.<\/p>\n

Global city<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 major world city supplying financial, business and other significant services to all parts of the world. The world’s major stock markets and the headquarters of large MNCs are located in global cities.<\/p>\n

Global civil society<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 international groups, associations and movements that are not controlled by the state government.<\/p>\n

Globalisation<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the increasing interconnectedness and interdependence of the world economically, culturally and politically.<\/p>\n

GPS (Global Positioning System)<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 a group of satellites that allow people to find out their exact location on the Earth’s surface.<\/p>\n

Greenfield land<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 land on which there has not been any previous building.<\/p>\n

Greenhouse effect<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the property of the Earth’s atmosphere by which long wavelength heat rays from the Earth’s surface are trapped or reflected back by the atmosphere.<\/p>\n

Gross National Income<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 total value produced within a country together with its income received from other countries.<\/p>\n

Groundwater flow<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 movement of underground water through rocks.<\/p>\n

Groyne<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 wooden or concrete construction built across a beach.<\/p>\n

Hard engineering<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 use of concrete barriers to control water.<\/p>\n

Hierarchy<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 an arrangement in order with one at the top and an increasing number at lower levels.<\/p>\n

High-technology cluster<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 where high-tech companies group together in a region because their location factors are similar and such companies benefit from being in close proximity.<\/p>\n

Honeypot sites<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 particular locations that attract a lot of visitors.<\/p>\n

Housing Association<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 an organisation that manages the building of houses for local people.<\/p>\n

Hurricane<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 a violent tropical storm in the Caribbean region.<\/p>\n

Hydro-electricity<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 electricity produced by fl owing water.<\/p>\n

Immigrant<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 a person who moves to live in another country for longer than a year.<\/p>\n

Immigration<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 the movement of people into a country, to live there.<\/p>\n

Immunisation<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 being given a vaccine that helps the body’s immune system fight infection.<\/p>\n

Impermeable<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 a surface that does not allow water to pass through it.<\/p>\n

Infiltration<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 seeping of water into soil.<\/p>\n

Informal sector<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 jobs that are often without regular hours and payment.<\/p>\n

Infrastructure<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 the basic amenities that people need in a city, such as roads, sewerage, electricity and water supplies.<\/p>\n

Interception<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 collection of water by vegetation.<\/p>\n

International aid<\/span><\/strong> \u2013 the giving of resources (money, food, goods, technology, etc.) by one country or organisation to another poor country. The primary objective is to improve the economy and quality of life in the poorer country.<\/p>\n

Irrigation<\/strong> <\/span>\u2013 artificial watering of the land.<\/p>\n

Lahar<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 a type of mudflow composed of pyroclastic material and water that flows down from a volcano, typically along a river valley.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Acid rain \u2013 rainwater containing sulphuric acid, nitric acid and compounds of ammonia. These pollutants have been pumped into the atmosphere by manufacturing industry and vehicle emissions. Aftershocks \u2013 smaller earthquakes that occur in the same general area during the days to years following a larger event. Amenity value \u2013 used for recreational and leisure …<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":149,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[31,8921],"tags":[8994,8995,8997,8998,8999,257,8438,8996],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13776"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/149"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13776"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13776\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26109,"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13776\/revisions\/26109"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13776"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13776"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.jworldtimes.com\/old-site\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13776"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}