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It is also defined as the distribution of people of society in groups on the basis of their status.<\/p>\n
Determinants of social stratification:<\/strong><\/p>\n According to Max Weber<\/strong> Economic resources:<\/strong><\/p>\n The size of landholdings in rural areas belong to upper classes. While the tenants, blacksmiths, cobblers, barbers belong to the lower class.<\/p>\n Occupation:<\/strong><\/p>\n Landowners, industrialists, businessmen, high government officials, corporate officials belong to the upper class.<\/p>\n Servicemen, small businessmen, whose income equals to their expenditures, are the middle class.<\/p>\n Manual workers, carpenters, blacksmiths, washermen all constitute the lower class.<\/p>\n Prestige:<\/strong><\/p>\n Respect of an individual in society is related to the level of prestige that he enjoys. Power gains one respect. In Pakistan, following characteristics could be important:<\/p>\n Outspoken in public, educated, well off in financial resources, interest in solving people’s problems, active, religious oriented etc.<\/p>\n \u00a0Caste:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Caste system in Pakistan is an important element in social stratification. Some castes are considered high, some are low.<\/p>\n \u00a0Education:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Education like all other societies in the world, defines social status in Pakistan too. Educated people are better rated and respected socially owing to their occupations, professions and status while illiterate people always belong to lower class.<\/p>\n \u00a0Social Class: (the Concept Given by Karl Marx.)<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0A group of people having more or less equal economic resources indicating similar standards of living in a society constitute a class.<\/p>\n Generally, three classes exist in Pakistan.<\/p>\n \u00a0High<\/p>\n \u00a0Middle<\/p>\n \u00a0Low<\/p>\n \u00a0Theory of struggle:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Karl Marx gave the theory of struggle. He said that unequal distribution of economic resources creates classes. They can only survive if they fight each other. Classification creates hatred and enmity against other classes. Capitalism supports private ownership and creates classes while socialism empowers people.<\/p>\n \u00a0Nature and character of class:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Class’ a status group<\/p>\n Class can be achieved and can be changed<\/p>\n Class system is universal<\/p>\n Social class is open group<\/p>\n It arouses feeling of class consciousness<\/p>\n Caste:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Caste is a permanent group having its status ascribed at birth. It cannot be changed.<\/p>\n Caste is a system of stratification, in which mobility up and down and the status ladder, at least ideally does not occur. A.W. Green.<\/p>\n Caste is a closed social group.<\/p>\n \n Characteristics of caste:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Caste is hierarchical division<\/p>\n Closed group<\/p>\n Sub culture: every class has its own norms which can be different from others. E.g.: marriage norms \/ issues of out of caste marriages.<\/p>\n Social control: every caste has its own informal methods of social control.<\/p>\n \u00a0Merits of caste system:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0Biradri system.<\/p>\n Social solidarity<\/p>\n Norms are forceful and offer social control<\/p>\n Castes are endogamous… means they marry within caste.<\/p>\n Demerits of caste system:<\/p>\n Ethnocentrism among the members of one caste<\/p>\n Norms of castes are rigid in nature<\/p>\n New elements of changes are rejected<\/p>\n Marriage out of caste is rejected<\/p>\n Difference between caste and class system in Pakistan :<\/p>\n Class is flexible<\/p>\n Class can change<\/p>\n Class does not form biradri<\/p>\n Class can be exogamous<\/p>\n There is less ethnocentrism in class<\/p>\n Feeling of association is less strong in classes<\/p>\n There is less solidarity in classes<\/p>\n Class favors social change<\/p>\n Classes do not have norms<\/p>\n Caste is rigid<\/p>\n Caste\u00a0 cannot change<\/p>\n Castes form biradri system<\/p>\n Castes are endogamous<\/p>\n Caste are ethnocentric<\/p>\n Feelings of association are more stronger in castes<\/p>\n There is more solidarity in castes<\/p>\n Castes reject social change<\/p>\n Castes have their own norms<\/p>\n \u00a0Biradri:<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0It is the group of people belonging to same caste, intermarrying together.<\/p>\n Two or more families related to each other are called biradri.<\/p>\n People of biradri do not necessarily live at the same place.<\/p>\n There may be different languages, styles, and customs in biradri.<\/p>\n Old biradries having same caste are still strong in Pakistan. They have more rigid norms.<\/p>\n Social violations in biradries are strictly condemned.<\/p>\n Endogamy is a strict condition in some of the biradries.<\/p>\n
\nEconomic resources
\nOccupations
\nPrestige
\nPower
\nCaste
\nEducation
\nPolitical power’ Are the determinants of social divisions.<\/p>\n
\nPrestige includes nobility, harmlessness, participating in social welfare projects, helping the needy etc.
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\nPower:<\/strong><\/p>\n