Exam Pack

PARLIAMENTARY AND PRESIDENTIAL SYSTEMS OF GOVERNMENT A COMPARISON What is meant by a democratic state, in the first place? The citizens govern the nation; protect their welfare and national interests in a democracy. It requires every individual to form an inclusive form of government for all. Political freedom is the …

Moral Philosophy A Cursory Review Ethics is one of the three main branches of philosophy – metaphysics and epistemology being the other two. Its distinctive subject matter constitutes the science of ethics. Ethics, also called moral philosophy, relates to the well-founded body of knowledge, paradigms, theories, standards, values, etc. involving …

Falling Behind and Falling Apart Owing to the ramifications of Covid-19 pandemic, poverty has been on the rise. In his marvellous book “The Bottom Billion,” Paul Collier has aptly pointed out that the development challenge has been a rich world of one billion people facing a poor world of five …

CSS EXAM An Enigmatic Phenomenon? This year was no different as when the final result of CE-2020 was looming over our heads at the end of April, the rumour mill started churning again. A creative one was that this CSS was low-scoring and only a handful of individuals could score …

Climate Change Challenges and Opportunities For Pakistan, climate change carries a high significance as it is amongst the top 7 frontline states that are most vulnerable to the increasing climate variability. Germanwatch in its 2017 Global Long-Term Climate Risk Index has ranked Pakistan No. 7, just after the Philippines and …

Amazon Comes To Pakistan The US e-commerce giant Amazon, one of the best online marketplaces that you can use to sell and buy products, recently added Pakistan to its approved Sellers’ List. It opens the door to SMEs and individuals across the country to engage through a variety of online …

The Failure of John Austin’s Command Theory of Law  Introduction Austin’s command theory, being a reductionist view of law, fails on multifarious grounds. In addition to illimitability of the sovereign, it fails to explain the essentials of a legal system such as effectiveness of primary rules and validity of secondary …

Lina Khan Chair of the US Federal Trade Commission On June 15, Lina Khan, a prominent antitrust researcher focused on Big Tech’s immense market power, was sworn in as chair of the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC). Observers are terming Ms Khan’s appointment as a signal that the agency is …